 |
|
||||||
| Home | About | Feedback | Login | |||||||
| Current Issue | Back Issues | Editorial Board | Authors and Reviewers | How to Subscribe | Advertise with us | Contact Us | Analgesic Prescription |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Mediating role of affective experiences in the relationship between perceived social support and life satisfaction among breast cancer patients
Correspondence Address: Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None DOI: 10.4103/IJPC.IJPC_106_20
Keywords: Affective experiences, breast cancer, life satisfaction, perceived social support
Breast cancer leads to many situations that may threaten the psychosocial integrity including changes in patients' personal paths of life including their daily activities, work, relationships, and family roles, and is associated with a high level of patients' psychological stress. This leads to a lack of social or personal control, progressive physical deterioration and the thoughts of near death.[1] The social behavior of women is also affected, leading to restrictions on their social lives and changes in daily life activities, facts that may contribute to depressive behavior and social isolation. Considerable empirical evidence substantiates the importance of social networks and social support to health and well-being among the elderly. Social support refers to mechanisms through which interpersonal relationships protect people from the detrimental effects of stress. It is a key for any individual's emotional safety. The main sources of social support are the spouse, family, friends, neighbors, and other individuals who inter-relate and provide reciprocal support. Considerable evidence links social support with increased health-promoting behavior[2] such as dietary habits, physical activity, smoking habits, alcohol intake, and adherence to medical regimens.[3],[4] In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the scientific study of well-being and positive aspects of mental health[5],[6],[7] and although theoretical models differ in how they define optimal well-being, they all agree that deep and meaningful close relationships play a vital role in human flourishing. A large body of empirical work shows that people who are more socially integrated and who experience more supportive and rewarding relationships with others have better mental health, higher levels of subjective well-being (SWB) and lower rates of morbidity and mortality.[8],[9] Unfortunately, the mechanisms linking close relationships to health and SWB are not well understood. Most of the empirical work linking relationships to health and well-being conceptualizes social relations in terms of individual's general reports of their marital status, social networks social integration and perceived social support (PSS).[9],[10] As a result, we know little about how relationships promote or hinder well-being. Subjective well-being (SWB), people's cognitive and affective evaluations of their lives, has been an important research area in positive psychology. It is thought to comprise of a cognitive-judgmental domain reflecting life satisfaction (LS) and an emotional evaluation characterized by positive and negative affect, has been linked to the affective domain of SWB.[11] For example, research has demonstrated that happy individuals tend to have larger social rewards, better work outcomes, greater coping abilities, better immune system, to be more cooperative, pro-social and charitable, having satisfying social support and to live longer than individuals who are not happy.[12] There is strong evidence for the main effects model of social support indicating that strong relationships promote well-being not just as a resource in times of adversity but also by enabling individuals to fully participate in life's opportunities for growth, development in the absence of adversity and satisfaction with life. Consistent with previous research, we found that the different forms of SWB were differentially related to the facets of social support. Specifically, LS was predicted by enacted and perceived support, positive affect was predicted by family embeddedness and provided support, and negative affect was predicted by perceived support.[13] Perceived support refers to the expectation that support will be provided rather than referring to specific instances in which one has received support. In general, perceptions of the availability of social support have been linked to better outcomes during times of stress.[14] Women with breast cancer sometimes report a lack of balance is perceived when support requested is not provided or when the support provided was not the support sought. Perception of reduced support may be linked to a certain incompatibility between the patient's real needs and the support provided.[15] High levels of anxiety and distress and low positive emotional experiences tend to reduce as one's perception of social support experienced by women undergoing breast cancer treatment due to psychosocial changes. In some cases, women may even elucidate the reception of support as personal incompetence. Distress and depression accruing from the treatment side effects together with perceived support, may affect the psychosocial adjustment of women with breast cancer. In regards to the cognitive-judgmental component of SWB, Newsom and Schulz[16] found that greater PSS was correlated with higher LS and linked to fewer depressive symptoms in older adults. Several empirical studies have been carried out, indicating that social support was closely associated with affective experience.[17],[18] Positive feelings reflect the degree to which an individual feels energetic, enthusiastic, cheerful, active and alive and negative affect is depicted as a condition of discontentment, not being joyful, or subjective distress including such feelings of anger, hate, weariness, shame fear and irritation.[19] Affective (emotional) experience could mediate the impact of social support on LS,[20] which implies that the social network and affective meditation models are interdependent. Yet the specific pathways through which perceived support promote optimal well being is not well understood. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies to investigate the relationships between PSS and LS through mediating factor like positive and negative experiences. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to propose and test a conceptual model that explains the interrelationships among those factors to provide a theoretical foundation for identifying the specific interpersonal processes that underlie the effects of close relationships on LS. The secondary purpose was to examine the mediating role of positive and negative affective (emotional) experiences in the relationship between PSS and LS. Based on the previous literature, a conceptual model was created that explains the interrelationships among PSS LS and affective experiences [Figure 1]. To test the validity of the model, we addressed the six research hypotheses on which it relies:
The hypothesis model for this study is shown in [Figure 1].
Participants The participants included in this study were 100 women diagnosed with breast cancer and receiving treatment at the Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, SS Hospital, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Varanasi, India during the period from June 2016 to March 2018 were enrolled in the present study. Patients who were aged below 40 years and above 65 years, or had any comorbidities or psychiatric condition (as indicated by the hospital staff) were excluded. The rationale behind restricting the age range between 40 and 65 years was that patients in this age group having a high incidence of breast cancer in India[21] and usually report similar psychological problems.[22] After obtaining their written informed consent for this study, a set of self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the participants, and the clinical data were collected from their medical records. The protocol of research was in accordance with ethical standards of and was approved by Institution's ethics committee (Reference No.-ECR/Bhu/Inst/UP/2013/Re-registration-2017 dt. 31.01.2017/No. Dean/2017/EC/24.10.2017) the final sample consisted of 100 participants from SS hospital BHU, Varanasi. The average age of the sample was 49.04 years (standard deviation [SD] = 8.30). Forty-seven patients were having up to the primary level of education. More than 50% of the patients were married (n = 89) housewives (n = 73) and belonging to rural areas (n = 61). 68% of the patients were surviving of up to 6 months of illness and most suffering from stage II to stage III of the disease [Table 1].
Tools Perceived social support PGI Social Support Questionnaire (PGI SSQ) was administered to assess PSS.[23] Out of the 18 items, 7 are positive worded and 11 are negatively worded. Each item is scored on 5 point scale from “fully” to “not at all” with a high score reflects greater Social support. The Hindi adaptation of PGI SSQ achieves good reliability and validity among Indian Population.[24],[25],[26],[27],[28] The Chronbach alpha found was found 0.67 for the present sample. Affective experiences The scale of positive and negative experiences (SPANE) was administered to assess affective experiences.[29] The SPANE is a 12-item questionnaire that includes 6 items to assess positive feelings and 6 items to assess negative feelings. For both the positive and negative items, three of the items are general (e.g. positive, negative) and three per subscale are more specific (e.g. joyful, sad). Overall affect balance score is obtained by subtracting negative feelings scores from positive feelings scores. In this scale, the participants respond to each question using a 5 point Likert scale (from 1 = very rarely or never to 5 = very often or always). The resultant score can vary from-24 (unhappiest possible) to 24 (highest affect balance possible). The Hindi adaptation of SPANE achieved good levels of reliability and validity among the Indian Population.[30] The Chronbach's alpha of SPANE in this study is. 75, which indicates the high reliability of this scale. Life satisfaction The satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) was administered to assess life satisfaction. SWLS consists of five statements. Participants will indicate their degree of agreement to these statements using aseven point Likert Scale. The seven-point scale is as follows: 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = slightly disagree, 4 = neither agree nor disagree, 5 = slightly agree, 6 = agree, and 7 = strongly agree. The SWLS score is derived by summarizing the rating of each participant for the five statements.[31] The Hindi version of SWLS achieves good validity and reliability.[32] Chronbach's alpha of SWLS in this study is 0.844, which indicates the high reliability of this scale. Procedure Participants completed multi-item questionnaires including PGI-SSQ, SPANE, and SWLS. Only those who completed the consent form were allowed to respond to the questionnaires. Participants could answer the questionnaires at their own pace and typically took about 15–20 min to complete all sections. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations and mediation analysis with the help of SPSS version 20. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).
Descriptive statistics (mean and SD) was performed to assess the mean of self-reported accounts of PSS, Positive and Negative Experiences and LS. Means, SDs and minimum and maximum scores for each variable are located in [Table 2].
Bivariate correlations Bivariate correlations were analysed to examine existing relationships among study's variables. As expected, PSS was affirmatively related to positive emotional experiences (r = 0.598, P < 0.01) as well as LS (r = 0.448, P < 0.01) while inversely related to negative experiences (r = −0.420, P < 0.01). Consistent with expectations, Positive emotional experiences was highly related to LS (r = 0.710, P < 0.01) while negative emotional experiences were inversely related to LS (r = −0.426, P < 0.01). Overall, all variables were significantly related in the expected direction and to the expected degree. Inter-correlations among study's variables are located in [Table 2]. Mediation model Two mediation models were analyzed in this study, examining the relationship between PSS and dimensions of SWB. The first mediation model examined the indirect effect of positive emotional experiences on the relationship between PSS and LS. While the second mediation model examined the indirect effect of negative emotional experiences on the relationship between PSS and LS. Depictions of all mediation models are included in [Figure 2]a and [Figure 2]b.
All models were analyzed using Preacher and Hayes'[33] mediation approach. Again Preacher and Hayes'[33] mediation approach is a non-parametric, bootstrapping technique that offers more statistically powerful and accurate results when compared against the traditional approach to mediation modelling. The bootstrapping procedures in SPSS Process macro from the mediation model 4 were used to test the significance of the indirect effects of social support on LS through the mediation of affect balance.[33] Following the recommendations of Shrout and Bolger,[34] we generated 1000 samples from the original dataset (N = 100) via random sampling. If the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the outcome of the mediation effect did not contain zero, then the mediation effect would be significant at the 0.05 level. In the first model, the unstandardized point estimate of the indirect effect was 0.304, 99% CI = 0.220 to 0.400. The direct effect between PSS and LS became insignificant (t = 0.415; P > 0.05 after accounting for the indirect effect of Positive affective experiences indicating moderate indirect effect. In the second model, the unstandardized point estimate of the indirect effect was 0.089, 99% CI = 0.29–0.18. The direct effect between PSS and LS remained significant (t = 3.41, P < 0.01) even after accounting for the indirect effects of negative emotional experiences, indicating partial mediation. As shown in [Figure 2]a, the total effect (β = 0.331, P < 0.01) from PSS to LS was at a significant level (Step 1). Moreover, the direct path from PSS to Positive experiences (β = 0.358, P < 0.01) was significant (Step 2). Meanwhile, the path from the mediator, namely, positive affect (β = 0.847, P < 0.01) to LS was significant (Step 3). However, after inserting mediator in model, the direct path from social support to LS became insignificant (β = 0.027, P > 0.01) (Step 4). Moreover, the mediating variable (positive experiences) was observed to exert a mediating effect on the relationship between PSS and LS. Similarly, as given in [Figure 2]b, the total effect (β = 0.334, P < 0.01) from PSS to LS was at a significant level (Step 1). Moreover, the direct path from PSS to Negative experiences (β = −0.251, P < 0.01) was significant (Step 2). Meanwhile, path from the mediator, namely, Negative affect (β = −0.357, P < 0.01) to LS was significant (Step 3). Even after inserting mediator in model, the direct path from PSS to LS remained significant (β = 0.241, P < 0.01) (Step 4). Moreover, the mediating variable (positive experiences) was observed to exert a partially mediating effect on the relationship between PSS and LS.
The overarching goal of the current study was to examine how cancer patients generate pathways to LS. Given this goal, the current study sought to answer the following questions. (a) Does significant relationship exist between self-reports of PSS and facets of SWB (affective experiences and LS). (b) Does significant relationship exist between different facets of SWB (Affective experiences and LS). (c) Does positive and negative emotional experiences mediate the relationship between PSS and LS? Bivariate correlations were analyzed to determine the relationships between PSS, affective experiences and LS. The results revealed significant positive relationship between PSS and LS. These results suggest that cancer patients who report more social support are more likely to have satisfaction with their life. This result is consistent with previous findings[35] and supporting first hypothesis of the present study. To explain this finding, it must be said that those people who perceive receiving high social support evaluate themselves as competent and successful in terms of interpersonal relations.[36] These evaluations have effects on the emergence of positive evaluations of life in people. In addition, perceived support may increase one's coping competence by providing comfort that supports are available if needed. Certain psychological characteristics like optimism, future orientation and perceived control, promote and maintain overall satisfaction with life.[37] The relationship between PSS and Positive and Negative emotional experiences clearly showed that PSS was highly correlated with positive experiences (r = 0.598, P < 0.01). However, negative experiences (r = −0.420, P <.01) were inversely related to PSS. These findings favored second and third hypothesis. Previous research also reveals that positive affect has positive relationship with social support[38],[39] and a negative relation with stress.[40] Meanwhile, negative affect has a negative relationship with social support.[17],[41] Studies examining the facets of social support evidenced that positive affect was predicted by family embeddedness and provided support, while the decreased negative affect was predicted by perceived support.[13] Findings of the mediation analysis indicated that PSS not only have direct effects on LS but also indirect effects that are mediated by positive and negative affective experiences. These results provide compelling support for the mediation hypothesis indicating that perception of support received by cancer patients during and after treatment is important in explaining LS of patients. Furthermore, beneficial effects stem from an increased level of positive feelings. More specifically, positive emotional experiences fully mediated the relationship between PSS and LS. Further, negative emotional experiences partially mediated this relationship. From these findings we speculate that breast cancer patients perceive high support from their spouse, family, friends, and surroundings when they experience positive feelings from social relations. In other words, positive feelings serve as a catalyst to enhance LS of cancer patients. The findings of this study share some similarities with studies of.[42],[43] The results are also in line with positive psychological theory which emphasizes the importance of examining how positive psychological variables (e.g. resilience, positive affect, interpersonal connectedness) may serve to preserve and promote mental health and positive psychological outcomes.[44] However, negative affect being related to neuroticism[19],[45] and the tendency of individuals with negative affect to be introverted may lead these individuals to be less involved in social interactions, and in turn, let them perceive less social support. It could also be said that patients with high negative feelings may perceive social support less due to a more limited interaction compared to normal healthy individuals. This condition may reflect negatively on LS decreasing function of PSS. For example, Çivitci[46] posited that negative affect has a buffer role against the stress decreasing function of social support. As a result, it can be understood from the findings of the present study that the relation between social support and LS is more susceptible to positive affect, and with the increase in positive affect the complementary function of social support for LS increases. The current study is significantly important in revealing the limitation of the complementary function of social support. Moreover, in the case of intense experiences of negative feelings by breast cancer patients such as anxiety depression and loneliness the insufficiency of social support indicates that the patient needs psychological care also. When social support is perceived insufficient, preventive and intervening studies counselling and guidance centres, as well as psychological consultations, may help for necessary support. In summary, this study extended insights into the complex interactions among social support, affective experiences and LS of Indian breast cancer patients. The important path from perceived support to affect to LS determines the internal mechanism between social support and LS. The results of the current study can provide valuable guidance in implementing psychological interventions to improve LS and other psychological functioning of cancer patients. Improving perceived support among cancer patients can be used as a complementary therapy to help such people to improve their LS. It can also be used as an active therapy to help them manipulate the impact of affective balance to improve their LS. However, the current study has several limitations. First, the data in this study were collected only through self-report measures, which could be a threat to internal validity. To reduce the impact of subjectivity, multiple assessment methods should be used for assessment. Second, the cross-sectional design of this study does not make cause-effect inferences. Future research may test the mediation model of using longitudinal or experimental studies. Third, the results of the current research are based on the 2D measure of affect balance. In future studies, PSS must be examined in different facets. Other possible mediating factors, such as loneliness, self-esteem and happiness, must also be explored. Finally, the sample in the current study was obtained from the population of breast cancer. Thus, whether the current findings can be generalized to other cancer population groups as well as other life-threatening disease population groups requires further investigation. Clinical implications It is well known that cancer causes both physical and psychological harm. In this age of evidence based practice, the present study provides a scope for the scientific evaluation of the association among affective balance, PSS and satisfaction with life among cancer patients. This study has significant clinical implications for palliative care practice. It will not only contribute toward the theoretical understanding of psychological side of cancer but will also help health care professionals addressing emotional experiences and social support network as coping strategies along with medical treatment to improve psychological functioning and thus mental health. While preparing psychological intervention modules for cancer patients, ability of patients to manage their emotions should not be ignored while focusing on social support to reduce distress symptoms. Targeted additional and personalized interventions should be used as an effective strategy for long term improvement in health-promoting behavior.
The current study provides an empirical framework for the researchers through testing the mediating effects of affective experiences between social support and LS in a sample of Indian breast cancer patients. In consideration of the probable mechanisms, it can be stated that the study has an interesting premise that the proximal cause of LS is not the direct effect of PSS but instead that PSS causes positive affect to exceed negative affect, which then causes LS to increase. These findings may help to design effective psychological interventions aimed at improving social support and affective balance in cancer patients. Attitudes such as involving the partner and the family in treatment, so they become aware of the problems women with breast cancer face, educating women concerning the importance of social support, teaching them to ask for help and discuss their needs, are exercises of social support. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
